Catheter Ablation: Cutting-Edge Treatment For Atrial Fibrillation

The latest treatment for atrial fibrillation is catheter ablation, a minimally invasive procedure using catheters to create lesions and block abnormal electrical signals. Catheter ablation is guided by atrial fibrillation mapping systems, which create detailed maps of the heart's anatomy. Radiofrequency ablation catheters emit radiofrequency energy to destroy abnormal tissue, while cryoablation catheters use extreme cold to freeze and eliminate arrhythmogenic tissue.

Arrhythmias: Getting Your Heartbeat Back on Track

Your heart is a rhythmic wonder, beating at a steady pace to keep you alive and kicking. But sometimes, electrical gremlins can disrupt this harmony, causing your heartbeat to skip, race, or flutter – a condition known as arrhythmia.

Don't panic! There are plenty of ways to tame these rebellious heartbeats. Let's dive into the treatment options:

Clinical Entities: Surgical and Non-Surgical Interventions

Catheter Ablation: Imagine your heart's electrical system like a faulty circuit. Catheter ablation uses catheters (thin tubes) to sneak into your heart and create tiny lesions to block those bad electrical signals and restore rhythm. It's like rewiring your heart's circuitry!

Antiarrhythmic Medications: These drugs are like little chemical ninjas, working behind the scenes to regulate electrical impulses. They come in different flavors, each targeting specific types of arrhythmias.

Pacemaker Implantation: For hearts that are lagging behind, pacemakers step in as the rhythm regulators. They're tiny devices implanted under your skin to keep your heart beating at a steady pace.

Cardioversion: When your heart's rhythm goes haywire, cardioversion is like a musical reset button. It uses a controlled electrical shock to bring your heart back to its normal beat.

Device Entities: Advanced Tools for Precision

Modern medicine has gifted us with a treasure trove of devices to

help us outwit arrhythmias:

Atrial Fibrillation Mapping Systems: These systems create intricate maps of your heart's anatomy, guiding doctors to the exact location of the arrhythmia triggers.

Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters: These catheters emit radiofrequency energy like mini lasers, destroying the arrhythmogenic tissue with precision.

Cryoablation Catheters: Think of these as your heart's personal ice packs! They use extreme cold to freeze and eliminate the faulty tissue.

Pacemakers and Defibrillators: Pacemakers keep your heart beating at the right pace, while defibrillators are like the shock absorbers of your heart, ready to deliver a jolt to prevent sudden cardiac arrest.

Pharmaceutical Entities: Chemical Allies in Rhythm Control

Medications can also play a pivotal role in arrhythmia management:

Amiodarone: This multi-talented drug targets several heart rhythm issues, making it a versatile weapon in the arrhythmia arsenal.

Dofetilide: This potassium-channel blocker is a specialist in bringing atrial fibrillation under control.

Sotalol: A beta-blocker that doubles as an antiarrhythmic, slowing down the heart rate while keeping rhythm in check.

Ivabradine: For bradyarrhythmias (slow heartbeats), this medication gently nudges your heart to pick up the pace.

So, there you have it – a comprehensive toolkit to help you tame those arrhythmia gremlins and keep your heart singing in perfect harmony!

Treatment Options for Arrhythmias: Tame the Unruly Heartbeat

Hey there, arrhythmia pals! Got a heart that's misbehaving? Don't fret, for science has an arsenal of tricks to get that ticker back in rhythm. Let's dive into the wonderful world of arrhythmia treatment!

Clinical Entities: The Interventionists

Picture this: tiny tubes called catheters are guided into your heart like a GPS with a cardiac twist. During catheter ablation, these catheters send out a burst of energy to create scar tissue and block wonky signals that are messing with your heartbeat. It's like resetting your electrical circuitry, but with a lot less pain than you'd think.

Another option is antiarrhythmic medications. It's like giving your heart a cocktail of drugs to calm it down. These meds work by messing with the electrical signals in your heart, slowing them down or speeding them up as needed.

If your heart's playing the drums too slowly, a pacemaker can be your new best friend. It's a tiny device implanted in your chest that sends out regular electrical signals to keep your heart beating at a steady pace.

Device Entities: The High-Tech Helpers

Now, let's talk about the high-tech devices that are changing the game for arrhythmia treatment.

Atrial fibrillation mapping systems are like the Google Maps of your heart. They create detailed images to help doctors pinpoint the exact source of your arrhythmia.

Radiofrequency ablation catheters are like tiny laser swords that use radiofrequency energy to destroy the misbehaving tissue in your heart. These dudes are so precise, it's like they're performing open-heart surgery without even opening you up!

Cryoablation catheters, on the other hand, use extreme cold to freeze and eliminate the arrhythmogenic tissue. It's like a tiny ice cream scoop for your heart, but without the calories.

Pacemakers and defibrillators are the heart's ultimate lifelines. Pacemakers regulate your heart rate, while defibrillators work to stop sudden cardiac arrest. These devices are like bodyguards for your ticker, keeping it safe from any electrical mishaps.

Pharmaceutical Entities: The Drug Whisperers

Last but not least, let's talk about the powerful medications that can help tame your arrhythmia.

Amiodarone is like the Swiss Army knife of arrhythmia drugs. It has multiple mechanisms of action, meaning it can treat a wide range of irregular heartbeats.

Dofetilide is a potassium-channel blocker used to calm the electrical chaos in atrial fibrillation. It's like a dimmer switch for your heart, helping to slow it down and keep it steady.

Sotalol is a beta-blocker with antiarrhythmic properties. It slows down your heart rate and helps prevent abnormal signals from triggering arrhythmias.

Ivabradine is a heart rate-lowering drug used for bradyarrhythmias (slow heartbeats). It's like an express train for your heart, speeding it up gently and steadily to keep it at a healthy pace.

So, there you have it, the full spectrum of arrhythmia treatments. From catheter ablation to pacemakers and medications, there's a solution out there to help you regain a healthy heartbeat. Just chat with your doc, explore your options, and remember: you're not alone in this arrhythmia adventure!

Antiarrhythmic Medications: Discuss various drug classes and their mechanisms of action.

Antiarrhythmic Medications: Unlocking the Rhythm

When your heart's beat goes out of whack, it's like a drum solo gone wrong. But don't despair! Antiarrhythmic medications are the secret agents that come to the rescue, restoring rhythm to your heart's symphony.

These medications work in different ways to control electrical impulses in your heart. Sodium channel blockers like quinidine are like bouncers at the heart's door, blocking rogue impulses from entering and causing chaos. Potassium channel blockers like sotalol do the opposite, slowing down impulses that are trying to leave too quickly.

Beta-blockers like metoprolol are like heart rate managers, slowing down the beat when it's racing. Calcium channel blockers like diltiazem are like brake pads, preventing excessive calcium from entering heart cells and causing a runaway rhythm.

Antiarrhythmics can be lifesavers, but they're not all created equal. Some can have side effects like dizziness and nausea, so it's important to work with your doctor to find the right rhythm for you.

Pacemaker Implantation: The Lifeline for Irregular Heartbeats

Hey there, heartbeats! Got a funky rhythm going on? Don't fret, we've got your back. Pacemaker implantation is a life-saving procedure that can regulate your heart rate and put a stop to those annoying irregularities.

Imagine your heart as a drummer, keeping a steady beat. But when arrhythmias strike, it's like a drummer going bananas, playing all over the place. A pacemaker is basically a tiny device that gives your heart some extra direction, like a metronome for your ticker. It sends out electrical impulses to keep your heart in rhythm, like, "Yo, heart, chill dude, slow down or speed up already!"

Pacemakers come in different shapes and sizes, but they have one thing in common: they're implanted under your skin, usually in your chest. The procedure is minimally invasive, which means no big ol' scars or long hospital stays. The doctors are like ninjas, sneaking in and out of your body before you even know it.

After the surgery, you'll be monitored closely to make sure your pacemaker is doing its job. It's like having a personal heart guard, keeping your heartbeat on track. Pacemakers are battery-powered, but don't worry, they usually last for years before needing a replacement.

So, if you're dealing with an irregular heart rhythm, don't panic. Pacemaker implantation might be the rhythm-regulating solution you need to get your heart back in harmony.

Cardioversion: Procedure involving the use of electrical shocks to restore normal heart rhythm.

Cardioversion: Restoring Your Heart Rhythm with a Zappy Surprise

Picture this: your heart's beating like a wild tambourine, throwing its rhythm all out of whack. That's where cardioversion comes in, like a musical conductor with a defibrillator!

What is Cardioversion?

Cardioversion is a procedure that sends a controlled electrical shock to your heart to reset its rhythm. It's like pressing a giant musical reset button, bringing your heart back into a harmonious beat.

How Does it Work?

Your heart has its own electrical system, like a small orchestra playing in your chest. Sometimes, this orchestra gets a little too excited and starts playing out of sync. Cardioversion steps in and gives the orchestra a jolting reminder of who's boss, bringing it back to its proper rhythm.

When is Cardioversion Needed?

Cardioversion is a lifesaver for certain types of arrhythmias, particularly those that are fast and can lead to serious problems like heart failure. These arrhythmias include atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.

The Procedure

Cardioversion is typically done in a hospital. Before the procedure, you'll be given a sedative to keep you nice and relaxed. Then, two paddles or pads will be placed on your chest, and a controlled electrical shock will be delivered.

What to Expect

During the procedure, you might feel a sudden jolt, but you won't feel any pain. Afterwards, your heart should return to a normal rhythm. You might be sore for a few days after the procedure, but most people make a full recovery.

Benefits of Cardioversion

  • Restores normal heart rhythm
  • Prevents serious complications like heart failure
  • Improves symptoms such as dizziness, chest pain, and shortness of breath

Remember, cardioversion is not a cure for arrhythmias, but it can effectively manage them and improve your overall quality of life.

**Advanced Devices: Precision Tools for Arrhythmia Treatment**

Imagine your heart as an intricate symphony orchestra, with each beat a harmonious note. But when arrhythmias strike, it's like a rogue instrument playing off-key, disrupting the rhythm. Fortunately, we have our very own "arrhythmia conductors" – advanced devices – to restore the symphony to its former glory.

Atrial Fibrillation Mapping Systems: Your Heart's GPS

These systems are the cartographers of your heart, creating detailed maps that guide doctors like GPS in the wilderness of heart tissue. They pinpoint the exact location of arrhythmias, like a skilled tracker finding a hidden signal.

Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters: The Precision Surgeons

Radiofrequency energy, like a scalpel wielded with robotic precision, is emitted through these catheters. It targets and destroys the abnormal tissue causing arrhythmias, leaving the healthy tissue untouched. It's like surgical artistry, restoring harmony to the beating.

Cryoablation Catheters: The Chilling Cure

Extreme cold, delivered through cryoablation catheters, is a game-changer in arrhythmia treatment. It freezes the rogue tissue responsible for arrhythmias, rendering them harmless. Think of it as a high-tech deep freeze for unruly heart cells.

Pacemakers and Defibrillators: Guardians of Your Heartbeat

Pacemakers, like gentle heartbeat conductors, regulate your heart rate when it goes astray. Defibrillators stand guard, ready to deliver a life-saving shock if your heart threatens to falter. They ensure that your heart's rhythm stays on track, preventing sudden cardiac arrest.

These cutting-edge devices, wielded by skilled doctors, are the future of arrhythmia treatment. They empower us to not just manage arrhythmias but to eliminate them, giving you back the rhythmic beat of a healthy heart. So if you're dealing with arrhythmias, don't fret! These advanced devices are your valiant allies in the fight for a steady heartbeat.

Unlocking the Heart's Secrets: Mapping the Electrical Maze of Atrial Fibrillation

Have you ever felt your heart skipping a beat or fluttering like a hummingbird? You're not alone! Irregular heartbeats, known as arrhythmias, affect millions of people worldwide. One common culprit is atrial fibrillation (AFib), where the upper chambers of your heart (the atria) quiver instead of beating steadily.

While AFib can be unsettling, fear not! Medical advancements have given us some remarkable tools to navigate this electrical maze. Enter atrial fibrillation mapping systems, the GPS devices of the heart world. These high-tech systems create detailed maps of your heart's anatomy, pinpointing the trouble spots where those pesky arrhythmias originate.

Imagine embarking on an epic quest to restore your heart's rhythm. The atrial fibrillation mapping system becomes your trusty cartographer, guiding you through the intricate network of electrical pathways. With each map, the mystery of your heart's arrhythmias unravels.

So, if you're on the arrhythmia adventure, remember that you're not alone. Armed with atrial fibrillation mapping systems and the latest treatment options, you can reclaim your heart's steady beat and live a life without the worry of irregular heartbeats.

Arrhythmia Treatment: Meet the Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters, Your Rhythmic Superstars!

Hey there, arrhythmia warriors! In the battle against these pesky heart rhythm disturbances, we've got some seriously awesome weapons in our arsenal. Let's talk about the Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters, our go-to heroes for zapping those abnormal electrical signals back to submission!

Imagine these catheters as miniature electricians with tiny, needle-sharp tips. They're threaded through your veins until they reach the source of the arrhythmia. Once there, they unleash a targeted burst of radiofrequency energy that creates tiny lesions, like electrical firewalls, blocking those rogue signals from wreaking havoc.

Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters are like laser beams for your heart, precise and effective. They're especially great for treating atrial fibrillation, a common arrhythmia where the heart's upper chambers quiver like a hummingbird's wings. With a few well-placed lesions, these catheters can restore your heart's rhythm back to its harmonious beat.

Now, let's not forget the ultimate goal: freeing you from the shackles of arrhythmias. These catheters are the gatekeepers to a life where your heart can dance to its own steady beat, without skipping a single note. They're the key to banishing those palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness, giving you back the rhythm of a happy, healthy heart!

Cryoablation: The Iced Solution for Arrhythmias

Imagine your heart as an orchestra, and arrhythmias as annoying musicians playing off-beat notes. When these irregularities disrupt the harmonious rhythm of your heart, it's time to call in the Cryoablation army.

Cryoablation is like a Frosty the Snowman for arrhythmias. Using extraordinarily cold temperatures, these catheters freeze the naughty tissue causing the irregular heartbeats, sending it into a deep hibernation. It's like putting a pause button on the arrhythmic signals.

Unlike other ablation methods that use heat, cryoablation doesn't create scar tissue or damage surrounding healthy tissue. And the cherry on top? It's less painful than other procedures, so you can practically ice your arrhythmias away in no time.

The coolest part about cryoablation is its precision. The catheters can precisely target the troublemaking cells, leaving the rest of your heart untouched. It's like a surgical snowball fight, where the arrhythmias are the snowballs and the cryoablation catheter is the snowball-throwing machine.

So, if you're looking to cool down your arrhythmias and restore your heart's harmonious rhythm, cryoablation is the snow-capped solution you need. It's the Frozen of arrhythmia treatments, leaving you with a heart that's steady as a glacier.

Heart Beaters: How Pacemakers and Defibrillators Keep Your Ticker Ticking

Remember that time your heart felt like it was doing a dance party in your chest? Arrhythmias, those funky heartbeats, can be a real party pooper. But don't fret, pacemakers and defibrillators are like the DJs of the heart world, keeping your rhythm in check.

A pacemaker is like a tiny backup singer for your heart. It sends electrical signals to get your heart to beat at a regular rhythm. When your heart is too slow, the pacemaker steps in to keep the party going.

A defibrillator, on the other hand, is like a security guard for your heart. It monitors your heart rate. If it detects a dangerous arrhythmia, like ventricular fibrillation, it delivers a quick shock to reset your heart back to a normal rhythm.

These devices are lifesavers for people with certain types of arrhythmias. They can prevent strokes, sudden cardiac arrest, and other serious problems.

Pacemakers and defibrillators have come a long way since the early days. They're now smaller, more durable, and more effective. They can even be implanted under the skin, so you can live your life without bulky wires.

If you're worried about your heart's rhythm, talk to your doctor. They can help you determine if a pacemaker or defibrillator is right for you. And remember, these devices are like heart heroes, keeping your ticker beating strong and steady. So, let's give a round of applause to the DJs and security guards of the heart world!

Pharmaceutical Arsenal: Fighting Arrhythmias with Medications

When your heart's electrical system goes haywire, it's like a disco gone wrong. Arrhythmias can disrupt your heart's rhythm, leading to all sorts of fun symptoms like chest pain, dizziness, and even fainting. Fortunately, there's a squad of medications ready to tame the unruly electrical signals.

Amiodarone: The Multi-Tasking Superstar

Think of Amiodarone as the Swiss Army knife of arrhythmia meds. It's a multi-mechanism drug, meaning it targets different parts of the electrical system to restore order. Whether you've got a fast or slow heartbeat, Amiodarone can help regulate it.

Dofetilide: For When Your Atria Go Wild

Dofetilide is a specialist in controlling atrial fibrillation. This common arrhythmia makes your heart's upper chambers (the atria) flutter like crazy. By blocking potassium channels, Dofetilide helps calm the chaos and maintain a steady beat.

Sotalol: The Beta-Blocker with a Twist

Normally, beta-blockers are used to lower blood pressure. But Sotalol has an extra perk: it also has antiarrhythmic properties. It slows your heart rate and blocks certain electrical signals, making it a useful tool for treating tachycardia.

Ivabradine: The Heart Rate Whisperer

For those with bradycardia, where your heart's too slow, Ivabradine comes to the rescue. This medication targets a specific channel in the heart, slowing its rate while avoiding any major side effects.

So, if you're feeling the erratic beat of arrhythmia, don't panic. Armed with these pharmaceutical warriors, your doctor can help you find the right combination to tame the electrical storm and restore your heart's rhythm.

Arrhythmias: Unmasking the Hidden Rhythms of Your Heart

Are you ready to dive into the fascinating world of arrhythmias, those electrical hiccups that make your heart beat a little differently? In this guide, we'll take a pulse-pounding journey through the various treatment options available to set those rhythms back on track.

Device Delights: Taming the Electrical Storm

Let's start with the tech-savvy tricks that can help your heart find its groove.

  • Catheter Ablation: Picture a team of miniature electricians using thin catheters to create tiny roadblocks in your heart's electrical pathways, preventing those pesky errant impulses from running amok.
  • Pacemaker Implantation: When your heart needs a little extra help keeping the beat, pacemakers step in as rhythmic guardians, delivering electrical impulses to regulate its pace.
  • Cardioversion: For those times when your heart's been jamming too fast, this procedure uses a jolt of electricity to reset its rhythm like a cosmic musical reset button.

Pharmaceutical Helpers: Calming the Electrical Chaos

Medications can also work their magic to quell arrhythmic storms.

  • Amiodarone: Think of it as the Swiss Army knife of antiarrhythmic drugs, tackling a wide range of heart rhythm issues with its multi-faceted powers.
  • Dofetilide: A potassium-channel VIP, this drug blocks those channels, helping to slow down your heart rate in atrial fibrillation, giving it the slow-mo rhythm it needs to behave.

So, whether it's with devices, drugs, or a combination of both, there's an arrhythmia-busting arsenal waiting to restore harmony to your heart's rhythm.

Arrhythmia Treatment: From Devices to Drugs

Arrhythmias, those pesky heart rhythm irregularities, can be a real pain in the...well, heart. But don't fret! The medical world has come up with a slew of ways to treat these rhythm rebels. Let's dive into the options, from high-tech devices to meds that make your heart beat to the right tune.

Device Entities

Advanced Devices: The Jedi Knights of Arrhythmia Treatment

Atrial Fibrillation Mapping Systems: Picture these as the GPS for your heart. They create detailed maps, helping doctors navigate the tricky electrical landscape of your atria (heart's upper chambers).

Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters: These catheters are like tiny lightsabers, using radiofrequency energy to vaporize those pesky arrhythmia-causing tissues.

Cryoablation Catheters: Think of these as super-freezing weapons. They use extreme cold to freeze and destroy those arrhythmic troublemakers.

Pacemakers and Defibrillators: These devices are like the heart's own security guards, keeping your beat in check and preventing sudden cardiac emergencies.

Pharmaceutical Entities

Medications: The Potion Masters of Heart Rhythm

Amiodarone: This multi-talented drug is like a Swiss Army knife for arrhythmias, helping to regulate everything from fast to slow heart rates.

Dofetilide: The Potassium-Channel Blocker

Dofetilide is the secret weapon for atrial fibrillation, where the heart's upper chambers quiver like a bowl of jelly. It blocks potassium channels, allowing your heart to get back to its normal electrical rhythm.

Sotalol: The Beta-Blocker with a Twist

Sotalol is a beta-blocker with a secret superpower—it also targets potassium channels, helping to slow down a racing heart.

Ivabradine: The Heart-Rate Brake Pedal

Ivabradine is the designated driver for fast hearts, slowing down the heart rate without affecting blood pressure.

Tamming the Wild Heart: Arrhythmias and Their Treatment Options

Arrhythmias, the unruly heartbeats, can be a real pain in the...well, heart. But fear not, brave reader! We've got a whole arsenal of treatments to bring those unruly rhythms back in line.

Meet the Treatment Team

First, let's introduce the clinical entities - the tried-and-tested procedures for arrhythmia management.

  • Catheter Ablation: Like a GPS for your heart, this procedure uses catheters to locate and zap arrhythmia-causing signals.
  • Antiarrhythmic Medications: Think of them as rhythm-taming drugs that calm down those excited heartbeats.
  • Pacemaker Implantation: When your heart's natural pacemaker goes haywire, these devices step in to regulate the beat.
  • Cardioversion: Like a cardiac shockwave, this procedure uses electricity to jolt your heart back into a steady rhythm.

Next, let's explore the device entities - the advanced gadgets used to fight arrhythmias.

  • Atrial Fibrillation Mapping Systems: These magical maps provide surgeons with crystal-clear views of your heart's anatomy, guiding them during ablation procedures.
  • Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters: Picture them as tiny heat seekers that zap abnormal heart tissue with precision.
  • Cryoablation Catheters: These cool cats use extreme cold to freeze and eliminate arrhythmogenic tissue.
  • Pacemakers and Defibrillators: The guardians of your heart, these devices monitor your rhythm and intervene when needed, preventing sudden cardiac arrest.

Finally, let's not forget the pharmaceutical entities - the medications that play a crucial role in managing arrhythmias.

  • Amiodarone: This multi-talented drug can handle a wide range of arrhythmias like a pro.
  • Dofetilide: The potassium channel blocker that keeps atrial fibrillation at bay.
  • Sotalol: A beta-blocker with a side hustle as an antiarrhythmic agent, slowing down your heart rate and regulating its rhythm.
  • Ivabradine: This specialized medication lowers heart rate, providing relief for bradyarrhythmias.

Arrhythmia Treatment: A Guide to Getting Your Heart Back in Rhythm

Arrhythmias, those pesky heart rhythm disturbances, can throw your ticker out of whack. But fear not, my fellow heart warriors! There's a whole arsenal of treatments to help you tame those unruly beats.

Clinical Entities: The Weapons We Wield

Catheter Ablation: Picture this: tiny, flexible tubes (catheters) snaked into your heart to blast away the electrical misfits causing your arrhythmia. "Zap!" And just like that, those unruly signals get the boot.

Antiarrhythmic Medications: These trusty drugs work like little soldiers, fighting off the electrical disturbances. They can block channels, slow down the heart, or even speed it up, all to restore a steady rhythm.

Pacemaker Implantation: When your heart's natural pacemaker gets lazy, these devices step in, delivering electrical impulses to keep your beat in check. "Tick, tock, tick, tock."

Cardioversion: This is like a cardiac reboot. A controlled electrical shock is delivered to reset your heart's electrical system. "BAM!" And your ticker is back in sync.

Device Entities: The State-of-the-Art Helpers

Atrial Fibrillation Mapping Systems: These machines create a detailed roadmap of your heart, helping doctors pinpoint the source of your arrhythmia like detectives on a crime scene.

Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters: Think of them as heat-seeking missiles, but for your heart. They blast the bad spots with radiofrequency energy, burning away the troublemakers.

Cryoablation Catheters: These cool cats use extreme cold to freeze and destroy the arrhythmia-causing tissue. "Brrr!"

Pacemakers and Defibrillators: These trusty companions keep your heart rate under control like traffic cops. They step in when your ticker misbehaves, stopping sudden cardiac arrest in its tracks.

Pharmaceutical Entities: The Drug Warriors

Amiodarone: This multi-talented drug is like a superhero, fighting against all sorts of arrhythmias.

Dofetilide: It targets the potassium channels in your heart cells, keeping the rhythm steady.

Sotalol: This beta-blocker slows down your heart rate, helping to control those pesky rapid heartbeats.

Ivabradine: This sneaky little drug targets the heart's natural pacemaker, slowing it down to treat bradyarrhythmias (slow heart rates).

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